Which Is Best for SEO Responsive or Mobile Web Design

By 2015, it is estimated that local mobile searches will surpass local desktop searches. This transformation of how people receive digital information has made SEO for mobile devices a critical issue for webmasters and marketers. Lately, an increasing number of businesses are using responsive web design for mobile users rather than creating a separate mobile site. But what are the key differences between responsive and mobile web design? More importantly, from an SEO standpoint, is one more effective than the other? The Difference Between Responsive and Mobile Web Design Mobile sites: These are normally created separately from the desktop version, and designed so they can be easily read on mobile screens. In most cases, mobile users will be redirected to a mobile version of a website. To cut down on page load times, the content is limited to what is important to the mobile user. For a better user experience, designers should aim for fast load times, and include mobile-friendly features like large touch buttons and navigational features that make it easy to access company info and purchase information. It’s also useful to include a link to the full desktop version of the website for those who want more information. Responsive sites: Using a responsive design means you only have to create one version of your website. This design will then respond to whatever device is being used to view the website, adjusting elements of the web page to fit any sized screen. Usually, larger page elements that are unnecessary will be scaled down or simply disappear on a mobile device. Site content and other page elements will automatically stack themselves on top of one another, so much of the content is still visible. What Does Google Recommend? Google supports both responsive design and separate mobile sites, but they recommend using responsive design, referring to it as industry best practice. Google engineer Matt Cutts has frequently stated that responsive design is the smartest option for SEO, partly because it uses only one URL for a website. Also, if you have a separate mobile version of your site that is not coded correctly, you could inadvertently split PageRank between your primary website and the mobile version. On a more technical note, there are certain rules webmasters need to obey to enable Google to crawl a site, understand its architecture and content, and rank it accordingly. With both responsive and separate mobile websites, you must not block resources like JavaScript and CSS for search engines. You need to let Google figure out if your site is a responsive or mobile site by making sure Googlebot can scan all your site code. For further technical help on optimizing your site for mobile, visit Google’s Webmaster Tools Help Center online. Responsive Design Is the Future Regarding SEO, there are three main reasons why responsive websites are being favored by many leading businesses: 1. They’re easier for Google to crawl. Because there is only one URL and one set of HTML code behind the website, Google can index your site more efficiently. Having a mobile site means search engines have to crawl two different versions of the same site. 2. It’s a better user experience. Having content on one URL makes it a more streamlined experience for users. Sharing and interacting with content is easier, and linking to content works simply across all devices. As user experience is now considered a key search engine ranking factor, responsive sites are likely to do better in the long run. The Bottom Line Not every business has the budget for a responsive web design, but it’s a smart investment if you can do it. It provides a better user experience across all devices and screen sizes, and makes it easier to manage your SEO web content. As far as SEO is concerned, a mobile site can work effectively, but you have to be certain it’s set up correctly for Google to avoid any issues with split PageRank. With the growth of mobile Internet usage, and considering all the benefits, responsive web design is clearly the best choice for SEO.

Communication Studies Essays

Communication Studies Essays Communication Studies Essay Communication Studies Essay This web log is for pupils of the Community College of St Vincent A ; the Grenadines who are to be entered for CAPE Communication Studies scrutiny in May 2008. The web log contains information about the class course of study. disposal and assignments every bit good as the class content. Wednesday. March 05. 2008 The expositive presentation for CAPE Communication Studies Internal Assessmblies The presentation has two distinct parts * A FACTUAL presentation on an facet of your portfolio subject * A presentation about your research including an rating of two beginnings of information used to fix your factual presentation. It will hold all the following 6 elements present 1. An debut ( statement of subject ) In the debut you will give a brief account of topic/ subject and a prevue ( with a thesis statement ) of what you are traveling to cover. For illustration. My subject is Returning Migrants to St Vincent. Returning migrators or returnees are a group within the population of St Vincent who have spent a important clip off from the island and have so returned to for good settle once more. Returning migrators frequently are retired from their old business which they pursued in a more developed state such as the United States. Canada or Great Britain or they have been working in another Caribbean province. Harmonizing to statistics from the Customs Department given to me by Mrs B Chalres in an interview 4361 people claimed the grant for returning occupants in 2005. Returning migrators experience 5 stages of adjuststment when returning which can be termed as culture shock . Subject ; Returning Migrants to St Vincent. a group within the population of St Vincent a important clip off from the island returned to for good settle retired from their old business ( the United States. Canada or Great Britain ) OR working in another Caribbean province. Customss Department ( Mrs B Charles ) 4361 people claimed the grant for returning occupants in 2005 . Returning migrators experience 5 stages of adjustmentwhen returning which can be termed as culture shock . 2. A principle In the principle you need to explicate why you picked the subject and it can organize portion of the debut. In the principle you should advert any personal involvements. current academic links and future calling programs which influenced your determination to take the subject For illustration I chose the subject returning migrators to St Vincent and specifically to concentrate on civilization daze because I am a married woman of a returning migrator. I have a BSc honours in Sociology and the construct of civilization daze is portion of socio-cultural surveies carried out by Kavelo Oberg 1958. In the hereafter I will be subjecting my Masters thesis on this specific issue. 3. Discussion of issues The treatment of issues is the factual presentation about the subject and its narrowed focal point based on the thesis statement. It should hold a distinguishable organizational form and you should take for one of the expositive constructions such as cause and consequence. procedure analysis. analysis by division. categorization etc ( See Writing in English ) It should besides be referenced and include any research findings. You will besides necessitate to give a decision to your factual presentation as a kind of sub decision don’t delay until the terminal Here is an illustration of a possible lineation for my illustration presentation ( non all of it ) . It uses the organizational form of procedure analysis Remember you can non read from a book! Culture daze 5 stages Honeymoon. rejection/ arrested development. conformist. assimilation. rearward civilization daze Honeymoon Centre for Overseas Travel the tourer phase Questionnaire ( 300 returning migrators ) 78 % non experience tourist 82 % elated Rejection Oberg – defeat etc Questionnaire 50 % wanted to return after 3 months. Reasons. hapless service. backward attitude. nil to make. tiring Interview Dr Sheridan Mental wellness presentations tend to be in 1st 4 months of return. 4. Challenges of research You need to discourse what difficulties you faced in fixing your factual presentation. If you did non hold any troubles so merely explicate why. For illustration ( in note signifier ) Questionnaires – clip devouring. placing sample. Other beginnings – no cardinal informations on returnees. newspaper articles utile Academic research non on St Vincent 5. Evaluation of two beginnings For this facet of the presentation you need to discourse your research. The two beginnings need non needfully be given as a mention in the presentation but they should be relevant. You should seek to choose two different types of informations beginning e. g. a newpaper article and an interview. You may desire to really briefly summarize all your beginnings before measuring two for dependability and cogency. Please see other parts of the web log for information on reliablity and cogency. For illustration ( in note signifier ) Secondary beginnings: academic text books and diaries. local and international newspapers and magazines. web sites: international public administrations e. g. Peace Corps general sites e. g. Wikipedia Primary beginnings interviews of experts in St Vincent questionnaire of returning migrators. Questionnaire of returning migrators Reliable: primary informations beginning. research method suited to roll uping informations for societal research Valid: Problem with sample size as entire population of RMs unknown Problem with generalization as differences between UK. US and other RMs more research needed. Overall dependable and moderately valid The Experience of Return Migration: A Caribbean Perspective. Joan Phillips and Reliable Denis Conway. Ashgate Press. London 2005 Author expert Phd Social Anthrop. Specialised Caribbean author – Canada Publisher: reputable. specialst academic chief involvement Social research Valid Recently published Problem no mention to St Vincent Overall general but really dependable and valid beginning 6. Decision The decision should be somewhat different to the internal drumhead decision in your treatment of issues. At this phase you can show a personal position or set forward a possible solution. For illustration ( in note signifier ) Returning migrators YES civilization daze 3 ways Honeymoon Rejection Conformist NO assimilation Solutions Programme – promote overseas. maintain in touch. Information – authorities FINALLLY See my other station about the reseach utilizing the cyberspace for thought. Make certain that you are cognizant of the demands for acceptable notes during the test and be familiar with the Markss scheme – it is non merely content that is marked but besides presentation accomplishments.

Rousseau and the Social Contract Tradition Essay

Rousseau and the Social Contract Tradition - Essay Example The major theme of Rousseau’s writings is based on this notion since he notes the way man’s own freedom has been compromised by the Civil Society’s formation. Rousseau favors the development of social contract that cannot be permeated by the stakes instead of social contract tradition. The main goal should be to promote human equality and individual liberty. Nevertheless, such a social contract can only be realized if the private interests are denounced by the members of society and if they commit to the general will’s cordons. It lies within the general will’s realms that Rousseau associates the legitimacy of political authority only with its alignment with the people’s desires. Any men who follow the general will’s principles cannot require their fellow men into activities which might betray their conscience. All men are free but they can obtain freedom only by following the laws which implement harmony and order in the society. In a ddition, Rousseau asserts that people should make conventions that develop lasting concords between social order and the liberty of people. It can be said that the propositions of Rousseau are sound philosophically. He has made realistic and reasonable suggestions. However, Rousseau has not accurately given examples of general will which leaves men with almost no option, but to advance the tradition of the social contract for progress. This is the reason why democracy still sustains even though he might not have chosen democracy for governance.

The Impact of Culture on Perception and Behavior Essay

The Impact of Culture on Perception and Behavior - Essay Example It is undeniable that even things that are considered fairly fundamental such as sexual attraction and beauty are viewed differently, in different cultures, depending on their traditional perception, thus indicating great divergence even in simple matters. Culture plays a significant role throughout life and expresses itself in everyone’s life in multiple forms such as perception and behavior. Thus, the beliefs and norms that people learn from their culture are the basis of their perception and behavior and contribute to the differences in human behavior in the context of their environment. Perceptions Values and beliefs that humans learn from their culture â€Å"serve as norms† based on which they determine which behavior is appropriate while interacting with others in a social context (Zimbroff, 2007, 1311). Thus, it transpires that perceptions are affected by many things rooted in culture because culture provides structure and guidelines deemed significant in understanding and interpreting behaviors. According to Burton (2007), emotions influence people’s perceptions differently depending on the surrounding society’s perception as explained by the two theories of social perception. The two theories are attribution theory that focuses on causes of action and social comparison theory that elucidates the notion of people comparing themselves with others (Thomas & Inkson, 2009).

Cumulative paper based off e-book provided Essay

Cumulative paper based off e-book provided - Essay Example My expectations were fulfilled when I read the chapter thoroughly as all core issues about crime and crime control were there in the chapter in detail. After reading the chapter, I learned the types of crimes occurring in the United States of America, as well as the some of the basic laws and official policies regarding crime control. The thing I liked the most in the chapter were the tables of statistics showing the types of crimes and number of victimizations for year some particular years. I also liked the tables showing changes in the rate of crimes from one year to another. However, I would have liked this chapter to provide a detailed knowledge of the ways to control the rate of crimes. Chapter 2: The second chapter of the book builds upon the knowledge shared in the first chapter of the book. This chapter includes a discussion on various perspectives of crime control and crime control strategies. These perspectives provide a clear knowledge of the significance of crime control for establishing peace. The chapter also includes a detailed discussion on the causes and consequences of crimes, as well as draws attention towards the limitations of retribution incapacitation and incapacitation of retribution. The chapter also includes a discussion on the basic goals and objectives of crime control and crime control strategies, such as, retribution, rehabilitation, incapacitation and deterrence. I thought of this chapter as if it would be having details about the perspectives of critics and supporters about different types of sentencing or crime control strategies. I did not have an idea that the chapter would also include a discussion about the causes and consequences of crimes. When I read the chapter thoroughly, my expectations were partially fulfilled as some of the issues that I had in my mind were discussed, such as, perspectives of crimes and crime control strategies, whereas the chapter did not highlight the perspectives of critics and supporters regardi ng appropriateness of sentencing models. After reading the chapter, I learned about the causes and consequences of crimes, as well as about the limitations of adopting different crime control strategies, such as, rehabilitation, incapacitation, and deterrence. The thing I liked in the chapter were the way causes of crimes in a society and their impact on the minds of people and overall society were described. However, I would have liked this chapter to highlight different types of sentencing models and the views of critics on them from different angles. Chapter 3: The third chapter of the book covers the theory of traditional policing and underlying concepts. It discussed whether the strategy of hiring more cops plays a significant role in reducing the number of crimes or not. The chapter also includes a discussion on different approaches that can be used to increase the effectiveness of police, such as, freeing up the resources, continuing with random or reactive policing, private security mechanisms, private policing, use of detectives, and other traditional approaches to policing. I thought of this chapter as if it would be having details about the theory of traditional policing, as well as about the effectiveness of traditional policing in controlling the crime rate in the United States of America. I also thought that the chapter would bring into light the limitations that traditional polic

The United States and Canadian Correctional system

The United States and Canadian Correctional system From a historical point of view, Great Britain had influenced the correctional system in the United States and Canada. During the Americas Colonial period, United-States was under the British rule and its penal system today is influenced by efforts made during that time. While Canada is currently under the British rule and its penal system reflects their system. These two countries are located in close proximity to each other on the North American continent. In addition to sharing the same continent and being influenced by the same country, these two countries correctional systems are different. Primary, the United States system puts more emphasis on punishment through imprisonment which accounts for its high incarceration rate compared to other countries. Canada expresses more emphasis on reforming, rehabilitation and reintegration of the offenders into society. To explore the correctional system of these two countries, a comparative analysis will be conducted that will focus on the History, type of offenses or crimes, types of correctional system, correctional issues, and sentencing alternative programs. Finally, accommodations for resolving some of the most critical issues facing these two countries will be presented. History Early United States Correctional System The Unites States Correctional system had gone through many changes over the years. During the American Colonial time, execution was only used for serious offenses. Corporal punishment was often used as a form of punishment. Offenders who received corporal punishment received harsh treatment. For example, a practice called ducking stool was frequently used, in which offenders are placed on a chair and dunked into a pond until they almost drown. Another type of punishment was branding irons into someone skins, and was used for both serious and petty offenses. According to Champion (1990) pillory, flogging, mutilations and banishment were used to sanction deviant behavior. Those who were banished were sent to the western territories and the offenders were subjected to being killed by hostile Indians. According to Champion (1990) Corporal punishment stopped in 1682 when William Penn reformed the correctional system by banning it. He introduced fines and created jails in every county in the state of Pennsylvania. Unfortunately, when Penn died the State of Pennsylvania reverted back to the corporal punishment, which continued in every colony until the American Revolutionary War. Then from the seventeenth through eighteenth century, jails and prisons in the United States were made with the intention to make profit off of the prisoners, which profited the wealthy people. Champion (1990) mentioned that private business interests were in control of North Carolina inmates, because the state and local governments avoided the responsibility of running prisons. This trend changed at the end of the civil war when the inmate population increased; jails and prison operation shifted from private enterprise to state legislature operations. However, some states prison labors continued as a source of revenue and also for political support. According to Champion (1990) from 1790 to 1815, the federal prison population increased tremendously causing prisoners to be released early from their sentences. Thus, federal district judges granted prison administrators the right to early release or parole to reduce inmate populations. Champion (1990) mentioned, during the early nineteenth century, probation and parole were established as a non-incarcerative strategy for managing offenders. In the 1930s, Probation started in selected jurisdictions. In the early 1820s parole was implemented and by 1944 parole was in all states. Early Canada Correctional System During the seventeenth and eighteenth century, the death penalty was used against convicted serious offenders. According to Curt Griffiths and Simon Jones-Verdum (1990), transportation, banding, fines, whipping and confinement in stocks or pillory were forms of punishment for less serious crimes. Banishment was first used in the Upper Region of Canada in 1802 and Transportation was used in 1838 until 1853. The offenders who were banished were transported from Canada to England, Australia, and Bermuda. The purpose of these punishments was to caused shame to the offenders. It was used as a general deterrent for the community. Forms of capital and corporal punishment were conducted in public. For example, the offenders dead bodies were displayed for the public to see general deterrent to crimes. Griffiths and Jones-Verdum (1994) noted that in the early period of Canada punishment was swift, severe and progressive and there were little uniformity in sentencing given by judges. According to Griffiths and Jones-Verdum (1994), during the 1600s and 1700s incarcerating inmates as a form of punishment was not widespread. For example, municipal jails and lock-ups facilities only held individuals who were awaiting trial, with the exception of a workhouse that was built in Nova Scotia, where prisoners were subjected to hard labor. In Nova Scotia, prisoners were exploited, and they had to pay for their meals and rents. According to Griffiths and Jones-Verdum (1994), failure to pay will result in longer stay in Nova. The workhouse continued until the mid-1800 when it was determined to be unfit for further habitation. Legislation was enacted to construct more workhouse in the late 1700s. However, many municipalities did not constructed such facilities because the warehouses were inadequate for habitation. This practice continues from the 1800s until the early twentieth century. In 1835, the first penitentiary in Canada was in Kingston, Ontario. Griffiths and Jones-Verdum (1994) stated that the idea to build the penitentiary was influenced by social, political and economic changes in Canada. They noted that, in the last 1700s, increasing urbanization and industrialization, increase in population, and increased social mobility had led to social control. Family disorganization and community corruption was believed to cause crime. Griffiths and Jones-Verdum (1994) noted that penitentiaries were build to provide the necessary training and discipline to individuals who had no family, church and community influences. Also the Kingston penitentiary was built because crime was seen as the consequence of immorality, intemperance, lack of religious practice, and idleness (Griffiths and Jones-Verdum, 1994. p. 464). Also, criminals were seen as a threat to society. In 1840, the excessive use of corporal punishment in the Kingston Penitentiary led to an investigation and a legislative action was implemented to reduce the use of corporal punishment in the Kingston Penitentiary. Giffiths and Jones-Verdum (1994) noted that the Penitentiary Act of 1868 led to the construction of several penitentiaries in the country. According to Griffiths and Jones-Verdum (1994), after World War II, vocational training, educational programs along with therapeutic techniques were introduced into the federal and provincial institutions. Griffiths and Jones-Verdum (1994) noted, in 1969, the Canadian Committee on Corrections concluded that reforming the offenders was more effective than housing offenders in correctional institutions. However, in the 1980s, Canadian corrections returned to the punishment based on reparation. Griffiths and Jones-Verdum (1994) noted that in the 1990s the federal level corrections are based on a mixture of program opportunities model and rehabilitation model. The opportunities model is based on the fact that offenders are responsible for their behavior and not on personality disorder or socio-economic conditions. The historical aspects of the America and Canada penal system are important for penology to understand why ones country is the way it is now. In the early period, based on the seriousness of the crime corporal punishment was used and as society got more civilized imprisonment was used to punish criminals for certain type of crime. Today, Canada defines crime and punishes criminal differently than the United States. The different types of crime and forms of punishment exercised by both countries will be explored. Type of Crimes United States In U.S crimes are classified in two main categories; misdemeanors and felonies. According to Champion (1990), misdemeanors are minor or petty offenses that carry less severe penalties. Misdemeanor offenses may result in fines and incarceration for less than one year in a local jail. For example, financial statement, prostitution, shoplifting and trespassing are consider misdemeanor offenses. Champion (1990) defined felonies offenses as major crimes that carry more severe penalty and may result in fines and/or incarceration for one or more years in a state or federal facility. For example, arson, murder, rape, burglary, robbery, vehicular theft (Champion, 1990, p. 52) are consider felonies offenses. In the United States crimes are categorized as either violent or property crimes. Violent crimes are crimes that cause physical harm to other while property crimes are considered nonviolent crimes. Canada According to Griffiths and Jones-Verdum (1994), there are three major categories of crime in Canada: summary conviction offenses, indictable offences and hybrid offenses-a combination of summary conviction and indictable offences. Summary convictions offenses are the least serious and carry the most lenient penalties ,while indictable offences are the most serious and carry the most severe penalties (Griffiths and Jones-Verdum, 1994, p. 216). Griffiths and Jones-Verdum (1994), mentioned that hybrid offenses lie somewhere between the two previously mention crimes. Summary convictions offenses may result in a fine of $2,000 and six months in jail. For example, committing indecent act, public disturbance, prostitution and driving a motor vehicle without the owners fall under this category. permission. Griffiths and Jones-Verdum (1994) stated Indictable offences include, murder, treason, property crimes, possession of stolen goods, assault and sexual assault. According to Griffiths and J ones-Verdum (1994), these offenses may result in a two years to life imprisonment in a federal penitentiary or provincial jail (only if the offenses are less than two years). Also Griffiths and Jones-Verdum (1994) continued to noted, that Hybrid offenses include, theft, fraud under $1,000, driving under the influences and assaults (sexual assault and assaulting a police officer). Type of Corrections and Correctional Issues United States The American correctional system is divided into the Local, State and Federal system. Each 50 states have different correctional organizations system. In fact, no state is required to follow any federal correctional system or plan, and as a result, a mixture of agencies and organizations is found (Champion, 1990 p.38) in every state. Each state, county and city maintains facilities to house offenders. Champion (1990) mentioned that State offenders are sentenced to state prisons, those who violated local criminal laws are sentenced to city or county jails, and federal offenders are sentenced to federal correctional institutions (penitentiaries, prison camps and detention centers). Champion (1990) also mentioned that recently, many federal prisons are used to housed state and federal offenders to help reduce overcrowding. On the Federal Level, the Department of Justice oversees all federal correctional agencies which include the Federal Bureau of Prisons and the U.S Parole Commission. There are different confinement facilities established to house prisoners, such as, minimum-security prisons, medium-security prisons, maximum-security prisons and Maxi-Maxi prisons. According to Champion (1990), minimum and medium security prisons account for 60 percent of all state and federal prisons in the United States. He further mentioned that the Federal Bureau of Prisons oversees numerous minimum security prisons and these prisons house low-risk, nonviolent first time offenders and prisoners who are on their way toward parole. He also mentioned that the medium security prisons house extremely violent and nonviolent offenders. In Medium prisons, visitation privileges, freedoms of movements and access to services program are restricted. Champion notes (1990) approximately 40 percent of U.S prisons are maximum-security facilities that housed escapers, violent crime recidivists and other high-risk offenders. Maxi-Maxi prisons housed the worst type of offenders, especially offend ers who tried to escape prisons. Regarding sentencing alternatives, legislators have established numerous intermediate punishments to control prison and jail overcrowding. According to Champion (1990), legislators established numerous forms of intermediate sanction programs. Champion (1990) noted that the types of intermediate sanctions programs used in many US jurisdictions, include intensive supervised probation, community-based corrections, house arrest and electronic monitoring. Intensive supervised probation (ISP) involves consist or intensive visitation by probation officers on a monthly basis. The main purpose of community-based programs is to reintegrate probationers into their community. According to Champion (1990), Community-based programs include halfway houses, furlong monitoring facilities and halfway-in house. Champion (1990) electronic monitoring as confining offenders to their place of residences until their sentencing time is completed. According to Champion (1990), in the United States diversion p rogram are available for minor offenses, such as reckless drivers and driver under the influences. He stated that diversion programs includes, psychological counseling for sex offenders, group therapy, vocational/educational training, probation, victim restitution and other programs. There are numerous issues facing Americas prisons, such as overcrowding, riots, prison design and control and racial disparity among prisoners. Regarding overcrowding in the United States, in 1987 the state capacities were 105 to 120 percent over their capacity and the federal prison were 37 to 73 percent over its capacity (Champion 1994, p. 229). Today that ratio capacity percent amount has increased. According to Goldstone and Useem (2002), external pressures on prison administrations, such as charges in law or increase sentencing on inmates had influenced prison riots. They go on to state that, arbitrary rule, excess use of force by staff, loss of inmates services, extreme violence and lack of safety for inmates has led to riot in United States prisons. Another problem in prison is racial disparity. According to Anthony Doob and Julian Roberts (1997), in 1991, blacks account for 12% of the general population and 48% are incarcerated in prisons and jails in America. Finally, prison design and control are serious issues facing American prisons. Canada The Correctional Services of Canada and the National Parole Board Canada oversee all adult federal correctional agencies. The Provincial Correctional Services provides services for provincial areas in Canada. According to Giffiths and Jones-Verdum (1994), the Correctional Service of Canada agency is organized into three levels: national, regional, and institutional or district offices, and parole offices. The national level is located in Ottawa. There are six regional headquarter located throughout different regions in Canada and there are responsible for overseeing the maximum, medium, and minimum security facilities, community correctional services and forest work camps. Griffiths and Jones-Verdum (1994) noted that the National Parole Board is an independent administrative agency with 36 full time members who review cases on inmates either serving life sentences and indeterminate sentences for dangerous offenders, grant full and day parole to federal inmates and to provincial inmat es. Provincial Correctional Services provide services for offenders serving less than two years in prison. Provinces governments are responsible for detaining offenders prior to their initial court appearances in temporary lock-ups facilities. Regarding sentencing alternatives, the Canadian Sentencing Commission mentions that sentencing guidelines should ensure a greater reliance upon community sanctions as opposed to the penalty of imprisonment (Griffiths and Jones-Verdum, 1994, p.363). The Correctional Service of Canada and various provincial correctional agencies offer numerous intermediate sanctions programs such as home confinement, Intensive probations supervision, electronic monitoring. Griffiths and Jones-Verdum (1994), there are also Community based-programs to assists inmates such as, vocational training programs, educational programs, chaplaincy and religious services, medical, dental and psychiatric services and occupational and vocational program. Griffiths and Jones-Verdum, (1994), suggested that Canada federal corrections are highly-Labor-Intensive due to large personnel who are responsible for supervising in custodial and non-custodial setting. As a result, escalating costs of managing and supervising convicted offenders at the federal level (Griffiths and Jones-Verdum, 1994 p. 473) increase costs. Griffiths and Jones-Verdum (1994) noted that to housed inmates in maximum security institutions is very costly. They also mentioned, in 1994, to house an inmate in a federal facility it cost on average $136 per day. Anthony Doob and Roberts Julian (1994), stated that aboriginal and black Canadians are overrepresented in the federal prison facilities. They noted that from 1993-94 aboriginals makeup 3.7 % of the population and 12 % was incarcerated in federal prisons and blacks make up 2% and accounted for 5% of those incarcerated in federal prisons. Overcrowding is a major issue in Canada Correctional System because it leads to es calating violence in its prisons. Comparative Analysis There are many differences and few similarities between Canada and United-States correctional system in terms of the types of correctional system and types of crimes. The critical issues facing the correctional system in the United States and Canada are very similar. For example, overcrowding, riots and racial disparities are critical issues both countries are facing today. These two countries correctional goals are different. The American correctional institutions goal is the rehabilitation of the offenders in prisons by providing training and developmental programs. However this goal was driven by other factors; overcrowding, costs and economic crisis. According to Griffiths and Jones-Verdum (1994), correctional institutions focus on the reformation and the reintegration. Thus, Canada correctional system put more priority on institutional service programs to help offenders after they are released from prisons. For example, Canadian realized the federal prisoners literacy rate was l ow. In fact, in 1991 65% of inmate in federal correctional facilities had math and language skills below the level of grade eight (Griffiths and Jones-Verdum, 1994 p. 514) and an ABE prison education program were created to reduce the literacy rate. Historical capital punishment was used for serious crimes and corporal punishment was used for less serious crimes in Canada and in the United States. Social changes, such as, increase in population, prisons and jails lead to the constructions of penitentiaries and warehouses to housed prisoners in both countries. In the early twentieth century, both countries initiated probation and parole programs to deal with the overcrowding prison population. Currently, both countries have are many self improvement programs to help offenders and inmates to improve themselves in society. In both countries, sentences are based upon the level of seriousness of the crimes. The sentencing for less serious and most serious crimes in the United States and Canada varies. In Canada the minimum sentence for serious offenses is longer compared to the United States. And in the United States the minimum sentence for less serious offenses is longer compared to Canada. For certain serious offenses (murder) depending on the jurisdiction in the US, capital punishment is illegal as opposed to Canada were capital punishment is illegal. Banning capital punishment have increased the number of prisoners serving life sentences. According to Griffiths and Jones-Verdum (1994), in order to deal with the large numbers of people incarcerated, the government adopted the Canadian Sentencing Commission recommendation that sentencing guidelines should put great dependences on community sanction programs as opposed to imprisonment to reduce the prison population. Thus, correctional administrators a nd judges have push for the development of alternative sentencing programs to reduce the high incarceration rated. The type of correctional systems in the United States and Canada are different in terms of what governmental agency oversees the local and federal level prison system. In the United States, correctional facilities are divided into several levels; federal, state, county and cities. In contract, Canada correctional facilities are divided two levels; federal and provincial. In the United States all 50 states, including countries and cities set its own rules and regulations on how to run prisons. Griffiths and Jones-Verdum, (1994) mentioned earlier that Canada local jails and temporary lock-up facility (temporary housed people waiting for trail) are under the control of the provincial government. And, the Correctional Service of Canada (federal agency) oversees the national, all regional and institutional/district officers and operates 73 parole offices. Similarly, the Department of Justice (federal agency) oversees the all States, Federal and inmates on parole. However, Canadas Provinci al Correctional Services (non-federal agency) shares responsible by providing parole and probation services to Canadians. This is due to the fact that the National Parole Board agency that is delegated to oversees all inmate on parole and probations are not located in some provincial regions. United States and Canada both have federal government agencies that oversee all maximum, minimum and medium security prisons. The introduction of intermediate sanction programs and division programs in the United States and Canada was implemented for different reasons. Based on Champion (1994), the 1973 President Commission of Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice created community-based program to reduce the prisons population in the US. In contrast, Griffiths and Jones-Verdum, (1994), stated, in 1993, Canada federal government passed a bill that resulted in the expansion of intermediate sanctions program that focuses on helping and keeping offenders out of prison. United States is more interested in punishing the offenders through imprisonment while Canada is more interested in providing alternatives efforts to confinement. Its one of the main reasons the United States incarceration rate in the United-States is the highest in the world. Both countries have seen the benefits of intermediate sanctions as a mean to rehabilitate and to reintegrate offenders into the community as a way to contain their costs and reduce their incarceration rate. Both countries used intermediate sanctions, such as intensive probation supervision (IPS), community-based programs, home confinement and electronic monitoring as a mean to reduce the incarceration rate and reintegrate offenders. However both countries cited that intermediate sanctions programs have resulted in widening the net creating an increase numbers of offenders in the criminal justice system. A negative effect of increasing the numbers of intermediate sanctions programs is officials who are assigned to monitor these offenders will not contribute much time and efforts rehabilitating every offenders. Nevertheless, these programs have contributed in some way or another in rehabilitate offenders. Accommodations There are accommodations the United States and Canada can apply for prisons overcrowding riots and high disparities among minorities. Regarding overcrowding solutions, both countries can implement front-door solutions (Champion, 1990, p.229), which recommends prosecutors and judges to have greater use of diversion program and community-based services for offenders. A second recommendation for overcrowding is back-door solutions (Champion, 1990, p.229), which involves granting prisoners early release or parole, furlough and administrative discharge. Currently, Canada is more into practicing the use of intermediate sanctions more than the United States. As a result, their incarceration population decreased and contain their cost. In addition having private businesses investing in the running of prison facilities will reduce management cost. Bert Useem and Jack Goldstone (2002) note that prison riots are caused by state or national officials imposing new demands on prisons administrations, inadequate services provided to prisoners, prisoner abuse by security guards and more. Bert Useem and Jack Goldstone (2002) suggested that the Major Rudolph Giuliani solved prisons riots in New York by appointing Michael Jacobson and Bernad Devik who implement new reform actions. Such as, creating unity and coherence in policy among the warden and correction staff, increasing the safety of prisoners, curbing excessive use of force by staff and enforcing swift and effective responses to inmates provocations. Those New York Prison reform ideas can be implemented in every state in the US and Canada. Another solution for prison riots is to recommend staff to monitor prisoners who behave in prisons by granting those prisoners early release. One major issues that both countries face is racial disparity, for US it is African Americans and for Canada it is Blacks and Aboriginal Canadians. Solutions for racial disparity include changing mandatory sentencing law for certain offenses that tend to discriminate against minorities. Conclusion The United-States believes that the rehabilitation of offenders is an ideal goal to be met in their correctional system, but in reality many offenders reenter into the criminal justice system. One reason cited earlier is that correctional officials do not get ample time dedicated to monitoring offenders rehabilitative progress because of heavy caseload and the large amount of people in alternative sentencing programs. In contrast, Canadas penal system puts more emphasis on the use of alternative sentences programs that focuses on treating the offender as opposed to imprisonment. Canada believes more in giving the offender an opportunity to better ones self. Thus, Canada has a mixture of opportunities and rehabilitation model. In fact, Canada sentencing commission and other governmental bodies have made it an effort to give offenders the need to become a productive member of society. Both countries implemented correctional programs and alternative sentencing programs to reduce overcro wding and costs. But the United States implemented those type of programs to reduce overcrowding and costs instead of rehabilitating the offenders. .

The Justification of Science :: Science Scientific Racism Physiognomy Essays

The Justification of Science What does the average person think when they hear that an idea is supported by science? Often, it makes people assume that this idea must be objectively true, and will necessarily be more right than a theory that doesn’t have the backing of â€Å"science.† While in many cases, objective science really does produce better results than mere conjecture, there have also been influential movements in history that were justified by â€Å"science,† but which we see today as unjustifiable. These include biometrical methods like phrenology and craniology, the empirical definitions of racial difference in the 19th century, and the â€Å"scientifically† racist ideology of the Nazis, among many others. In many of these situations, biology has been used to support conceptions that were already accepted in the society of the time. However, they seemed stronger with scientific support, even if the scientific support was weak enough that it was eventually proven to be untrue. Considering this, why were these â€Å"scientific† conclusions seen as objective when, with the benefit of hindsight, it is clear that they were not? Additionally, why did the supporters of these ideologies want to use science as support? If science were seen as merely a collection of useless knowledge, it would not have been relied upon in the way that it was, so it is clear that the scientific method was trusted to add some additional level of truth to the given conclusions. The interactions between these systems of classifying groups of people, their scientific support, and society in general tell us many things about science and about people. Physiognomy and Phrenology The earliest versions of biological classification are found in the related disciplines of physiognomy and phrenology. Physiognomy, the science of reading a person’s character based on facial characteristics, was popularized by Johann Caspar Lavater in the late 18th century. His Essays on Physiognomy, widely read throughout Europe for many decades, gave a newly scientific justification to an idea that had been present in popular thought since ancient Greece. There, Aristotle recorded observing that certain physical traits in people are often linked to distinctive personality traits, and Pythagoras is said to have selected students for his classes based on who â€Å"looked† to have potential (Mainwaring 1980). As this concept reached the 18th century, it was given the explanation that God makes a connection between a person’s face and their â€Å"inner state.

A Discourse Theory of Citizenship

A Discourse Theory of Citizenship This article discusses the concept of citizenship and how citizenship as a form of public engagement is crucial to democracy as a whole. The author, Robert Asen, presents a new view that citizenship is a dynamic mode of public engagement. The first section of the article discusses questions about public beliefs and perspectives. The second section of the article discusses how citizenship is a mode of public engagement. The third section discusses how public engagement must be examined and what can be learned from that analysis. The final section discusses how the concept of citizenship can be extended through the author’s Discourse Theory. The first part of the article begins by explaining how within the public and even within groups all sets of views or values are not universal. This means that it is a challenge to represent the views of groups. This also means that members of groups need to stand up for their views. For example, if you are part of a human rights organization, but do not approve of their stated views on a particular country, you should make your voice heard. This presents a challenge to group leadership because they have to make the group’s stated views more general in order to not alienate any of the participants. In addition, people do not have a general view on how decisions should be made. For example, the article mentioned how the activist AIDS organization, ACT UP, had a great deal of trouble coming up with a consensus about whether or not they should testify in front of Congress. These facts mean that the views and perspectives of a group of people, their subjectivity, is more of an ever-changing process than a static group of opinions and should be treated as such. This idea is significant to communication as a whole because it helps understand why it is important to constantly make sure that no one’s views in a group are being marginalized. The next section discussed how citizenship is a mode of public engagement. It explains that citizenship is not a group of well-defined privileges that come with legally living in a country, but instead it is much more. It is a way of getting involved with the world around you. Citizenship is a process of dealing with the world that influences the views and beliefs of the public. It does not have to come from only voting; it exists in multiple modes. Some of these modes include consumer choices, work habits, and volunteer work. These sorts of actions could be more important than voting alone. This is because voting does not show your views in great personal detail and therefore does not always help advance your personal beliefs into public discussion. Voting only ascribes your views to one of two general view sets, which most people do not generally agree with completely. The other forms of citizenship, such as volunteering at a soup kitchen, can more accurately represent your views and ideas of how the world ought to be run. This is because the public sees how you are acting to directly make a change in society and may decide to join you in your cause. As the article says, â€Å" Democracy’s heart does not beat in the halls of Congress or in the voting booth, but in everyday enactments of citizenship† (Asen, 197). The important communication concept that can be taken from this section, is that the power of democracy rests on normal people and not on elected officials or bureaucrats. This makes it extremely important that one’s views are expressed both in public discourse and in the way one lives their life. The responsibilities of living in a democracy do not only come once every two years for elections, but are present every day during human interactions. The next section discusses how public engagement in the form of citizenship must be examined. Public engagement is not a static set of concepts, but instead a fluid, dynamic process of interaction that occurs at a personal level. Consequently, it is different from person to person and must be treated specially. The dynamic nature of citizenship makes it impossible to make specific theories of how the public engages in citizenship. This means that there cannot be true experts in the analysis of human-to-human interaction. It does not, however, prevent qualitative analysis of public engagement in citizenship. This section also discussed how it is inherently risky to engage in citizenship. The risk occurs when an individual’s views are known and the public becomes aware of one’s beliefs. For example, participating in a Pro-Choice organization could lead some of your Pro-Life neighbors to dislike you for your views. On the other hand, there is a social benefit to this risk because it can expose you to people who share similar views to you. This common bond of risk unites organizations and makes them stronger over time. The important communication topic in this section is that communicating your views involves risk, but that risk is worthwhile because it can lead to stronger social ties. The last section focused on how the definition of citizenship is expanded when the author’s Discourse Theory of Citizenship is applied. The definition of citizenship is traditionally limited to the rights and privileges that are granted to individuals who are legally living in a country. With the application of this new theory, the definition can be expanded in a few ways. First the, relationship between the citizen and citizenship has been reformulated. No longer is citizenship just the product of being a citizen, but instead it is a way of acting. Second, citizenship is not something that all citizens have equally. While every citizen can vote, the affect he/she has on public discourse also depends on power and money. For example, a rich individual can attend special interest meetings that require large donations in order to participate. This makes these people more capable of influencing what laws are ultimately passed. Another example is how in the past and still to a certain extent now, race can either help or hinder one’s level of citizenship. The third expansion of our understanding of citizenship is through the analysis of hybrid cases of citizenship. Hybrid cases of citizenship are instances when normal everyday acts are also forms of citizenship. One example of this is if an individual spends more money at an organic food store because they want to support the organic food industry. The expansion of the definition of citizenship through the Discourse Theory of Citizenship allows for a better understanding of citizenship and how public communication in many different forms is responsible for maintaining an effective democracy. When communicating through citizenship, it is important to understand that the citizenship includes more than just voting. It also includes everyday person-to-person interactions, buying choices, and group memberships. By understanding citizenship through this expanded definition, it is possible to better focus public discourse in ways that can advance one’s personal beliefs and goals.

Essay on Using Attitudes to Predict Consumer Behavior

Essay on Using Attitudes to Predict Consumer Behavior Essay on Using Attitudes to Predict Consumer Behavior Essay on Using Attitudes to Predict Consumer BehaviorEthical consumption has grown significantly in recent years. Marketers need to have a better understanding of the relationship between ethical attitudes and consumer behavior. According to researchers, â€Å"consumer behavior lags behind the stated level of concern about ethical issues†(Harrison, 2005, p. 198).   There is the apparent gap between attitudes and consumer behavior. Nevertheless, 24% of the British consumers characterize themselves as â€Å"ethical consumers† (Harrison, 2005, p. 198). Ethical behavior of consumers has become an object of research in recent years. According to Lucica Matei and Teodora Dinu (2012), â€Å"actual consumer behavior has been neglected in research when compared to a more significant number of studies measuring consumers’ ethical attitudes and beliefs†(p. 41). Drawing on the academic literature relating to the relationship between attitudes and behavior, it is nec essary to explain why attitudes may not always help to predict behavior and why the attitude-behavior gap might be so prevalent. The Theory of Reasoned Action and the Theory of Planned Behavior help to give explanation to consumers’ intention of being involved in consumer behavior. Attitudes may not always predict consumer behavior because of certain consumer-related barriers.Definition of termsThe term â€Å"consumer behavior† can be defined as â€Å"the behavior of ultimate consumers, those who purchase products for personal and household consumption and not for business purposes† (Ferrell et al., 2012, p. 114).The term â€Å"consumer attitude† defines the link between consumer behavior and the consumer disposition to purchase any kind of products or services. The consumer attitude can be assessed by means of regular consumer opinion surveys which are based on real facts, as well as by consumption trend analysis, which provides the required â€Å"infor mation on the real consumption of each product† (Lazzaroni et al., 2013, p. 84). According to Dr. Lars Perner (2010), consumer attitude can be regarded as a complex of consumer beliefs, intentions and feelings toward some product within the context of marketing strategy.The term â€Å"attitude-behavior gap† can be defined as the tension that exists within an individual (a consumer) between what he/she wants to do (or intends to do) and what he/she thinks he/she should do (or perform) (Trijp Fischer, 2010).   When individuals are asked to define their values and belief, they demonstrate the attitude that is the most appropriate in terms of the established norms (Trijp Fischer, 2010). The size of theattitude-behavior gap can be determined by the level of ambiguity that is involved in consumer decision (Trijp Fischer, 2010).The use of attitude theoryin understanding of a variety of attitudinal conceptsThe use of attitude theory in understanding of a variety of attitud inal concepts is essential for marketers. There are two basic theories that can be applied to this situation: the Theory of Reasoned Action developed by Fishbein and the Theory of Planned Behavior developed by Ajzen. Actually, both theories help to explain the role of immediate determiner of consumer behavior – consumers’ intention to be involved in this behavior (Ajzen, 2005; Brannon Feist, 2009). Both theories assume that consumer intentions should be focused on motivation. Various motivational factors affect consumer behavior. In other words, intentions are caused by some motivational factors in order to perform some behavior. At the same time, it is necessary to understand that an individual’s intention to perform some behavior (e.g. consumer behavior) or not to perform it is â€Å"the immediate determinant of action†, while   an individual’s attitude is determined by â€Å"the person’s beliefs and evaluation of the expected outcomeà ¢â‚¬  (Raoprasert Islam, 2010, p. 31).The Theory of Reasoned ActionThe Theory of Reasoned Action (Fig.1) is focused on the fact that consumer behavioral intentions are caused by two major reasons:Functioning of consumers’ attitudes toward their behaviors, â€Å"determined by their beliefs that the behavior will lead to positively or negatively valued outcomes† (Brannon Feist, 2009,p. 72).Functioning of consumers’ subjective norms, determined by consumer perceptions of the values placed by others on the behavior and by their motivation to follow these norms(Brannon Feist, 2009)According to the Theory of Reasoned Action, an individual’s attitude to behavior stands for an individual’s assessment of the positive and negative outcomes of performing the target action. The consequences of the behavior are taken into consideration (Brannon Feist, 2009).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In general, the Theory of Reasoned Action is focused on the assumption that consumer behavior is determined by an individual’s intention to follow the behavior patterns, which can provide the most accurate prediction of consumer behavior. The level of consumer intention affects the opportunity to be involved in consumer behavior (Raoprasert Islam, 2010).The Theory of Planned Behavior  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Theory of Planned Behavior is focused on the additional determinant of consumer intention to act – consumers’ perception of their control over their behavior. Actually, the Theory of Planned Behavior can be viewed as the extension of the Theory of Reasoned Action (Ajzen, 2005). It is necessary to understand the role of consumers’ perceived behavior control (Brannon Feist, 2009). This determinant was added to place emphasis on the factors that have a strong impact on consumers’ intentions. Due to the individuals’ self-perception of control, it is possible to predict th e likelihood of an individual’s actions (Brannon Feist, 2009).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to the Theory of Planned Behavior, there are three basic determinants or factors that affect consumer behavior and intentions: personal factor, social factor and the factor that deals with the issues of control (Fig.2).As a matter of fact, the relevant attitude theory helps to better understand a variety of attitudinal concepts. Both theories assume that an individual’s intention to behave in a particular way is dependent on the individual’s attitude toward the behavior (e.g. the opinions of other people, the individual perceived behavior control and the individual’s desire to perform actions) (Ajzen, 2005; Raoprasert Islam, 2010). In other words, according to these theories, individuals may perceive various barriers to consumer behavior based on their own attitudes and taken into consideration their own cognitions (Ajzen, 2005;Brannon F eist, 2009).Paul A. Pavlou and Mendel Fygenson(2006) use the Theory of Planned Behavior to give explanation to consumer behavior, as well as to predict the process of e-commerce adoption by consumers. Researchers place emphasis on the process that reflects two online consumer behaviors: first, getting information and, second, purchasing a product online (from a Web seller). Researchers â€Å"simultaneously model the association between these two contingent online behaviors and their respective intentions by appealing to consumer behavior theories and the theory of implementation intentions, respectively† (Pavlou Fygenson, 2006, p.112). Besides, researchers use various methods to derive for each type of consumer behavior its intention, belief, attitude, and behavioral control.The major causes of attitudes’ failure to predict consumer behaviorDue to the relationship between attitude and consumer behavior, it is possible to predict the behavior of consumers based on thei r own attitudes toward various products, brands, services, etc. offered by sellers.   As a rule, consumer behavior can be predicted based on positive attitudes. However, in some cases, it is impossible to predict consumer behavior because people â€Å"form attitudes that fulfill their social identity functions, and there is no any consistent relationship between attitude and future behavior† (Mooij, 2010, p. 134). It has been found that attitudes may not always be helpful in predicting consumer behavior. It is very important to understand the major barriersto predicting consumer behavior (Harrison, 2005). According to the recent study conducted by the Cooperative bank, only 5% of the British consumers make purchase decisions based on ethical attitudes (Harrison, 2005). The following factors may have a strong impact on consumer behavior: changes in consumer values, changes in attitudes, changes in consumer knowledge about products, and changes in some significant aspects of consumption process (price and quality), changing in consumer habits and preferences (Harrison, 2005; Hoyer, 2012)Essay on Using Attitudes to Predict Consumer Behavior part 2

Literature Analysis Sample of #8220;A Day No Pigs Would Die#8221;

Literature Analysis Sample of #8220;A Day No Pigs Would Die#8221; Somebody once told me that a cow wont bite. That somebody is as wrong as a sin on Sunday (pg. 8). This little incident is the event that really gets the story on a move. A Day No Pigs Would Die narrates Robert Pecks adolescent life in rural Vermont during the nineteen twenties. A Day No Pigs Would Die is a true story, written in first person, through the eyes of a Robert Newton Peck. The mood of the this story is smooth and uneventful with a few spots of joy and sadness. Much of the mood is derived from the plain and natural setting of rural Vermont. A Day No Pigs Would Die takes place during the nineteen twenties on the Pecks family farm and the surrounding New England countryside. The Pecks own a simple farm consisting of a dark brown log farmhouse, a plank board corn-cratch, and an old log milk barn. To the north of the Peck farm lies the Tanners farm. The Tanners farm is much newer and larger with many sprawling pastures and a large, modern milk barn. Behind these two farms, a hi gh ridge stretches in to the rolling Vermont foothills. From on top of this ridge Robert can see almost to Rutland. The site of the bustling and exciting county fair. The protagonist of A Day No Pigs Would Die is a five-foot tall, skinny, loving and sensitive farm boy with brown hair and brown eyes named Robert Peck. Robert is an innocent romantic who dreams of fame. He is very excited about learning and because of this he begins to inwardly questions generations of traditions and religious beliefs. Although Robert is not a fighter, he is strong willed. Nevertheless, he often tolerates injustices for the sake of other peoples feelings. Robert is often confused by the evils of the world. Sometimes he finds himself atop the ridge behind his farm trying to piece together some of is troubles. There are a number of antagonists in A Day No Pigs Would Die. Nature seems to cause the most trouble for the Robert and his family. The Pecks are always scrambling to grow enough food to last through the next cold season. Another prevalent antagonist is Roberts situation. Robert wants to be famous but, that is against his religion. Also, his family does not have enough money to send him college or anywhere else. An additional antagonist is the time period. The twenties were a time of change for many Americans. Robert wants to change but, his family, his town and his peers are unsympathetic. A Day No Pigs Would Die has a very complex and important cast of secondary characters. The secondary characters include: Roberts immediate family, his neighbors and Pinky (A pig that is also Roberts best friend). Roberts father, Haven Peck is the most significant secondary character. The climax and denouement of this story are both dependent on him. Haven is a sixty-year-old farmer. He is a good and simple man who loves his family. Haven lives a hard life running the family farm and slaughtering hogs for extra money. He never learned to read or write so he encourages these skills in Robert. Roberts mother is a gentle who does not play a important part in the story but, is always there for Robert when he needs a loving hand. She takes care of the house and cooks the meals. Roberts aunt Carrie does not play an important role either. She lives on the farm though. Pinky, the pig, is Roberts best friend. Pinky was just a squealy piglet when Mr. Tanner, the Pecks neighbor, gave her to Robe rt. As the story progresses Pinky and Robert spend more and more, time together. Pinky follows Robert while he does his chores. They go on walks together and Robert even takes Pinky to the Rutland County Fair where she wins a blue ribbon for best-behaved pig (pg. 100). The Tanners are a younger couple who sees Robert as the son they never had. They often take Robert with them on their trips to town. Widow Bascom is also one of the Pecks neighbors. She was once a stingy woman who, on occasion, hit Robert with a broomstick (pg. 81). She fell in love with a hired hand named Ira Long (pg. 79) and her wickedness disappeared. There are many struggles in A Day No Pigs Would Die. The most consequential was the conflict between Robert and his life. All of the minor conflicts pertain to the conflict between Robert and his life. Robert wants be famous and rich. He knows this will be a terrific challenge. Robert wants to be affluent. Unfortunately that is against his familys religion. Robert is constantly butting heads with his father about their moral and religious beliefs (pg. 25). Robert wants to lead a happy, carefree life but, he never has the chance to amid the misfortunes in his adolescence. Another significant conflict involves the Pecks and nature. The pecks are continuously toiling have enough food to make it through the next winter (pg. 116). A smaller conflict is between The Pecks and the Tanners. This conflict is never recognized directly. The Pecks are silently envious of the Tanners fertile and beautiful farm. Through the course of A Day No Pigs Would Die it was understood that Pinky would grow up to be a brood sow, baring a litter of piglets three to four times a year for the Pecks to sell(pg. 23). In late November Robert makes arrangements to have Pinky bred with Mr. Tanners boar (pg. 123). After Pinky has been bred two times and does not become pregnant or even into full heat it is obvious that she is unable to conceive (pg. 134). Roberts Father decides that Pinky must be slaughtered for food. This is the turning point of the book. After Pinky is found to be unable to bare offspring she must be slaughtered. Robert knows this and dreads it with all his heart. One brisk November morning Robert and his father take to the task of slaughtering Pinky(pg. 135). Robert must hold Pinky, who he loves dearly, as her intestines plop onto his feet and she starts to squeal hysterically. Robert wants nothing more than to stop Pinkys suffering, though he knows he cannot. Robert endures a gray and dismal winter in which his father his fights a horrible lung infection. The denouement of this story comes one chilly morning in early spring. Robert wakes to milk the cow, goes to the barn and finds his father dead on the hay(pg. 141). Robert alerts his mother and a simple funeral is arranged. All of the Pecks neighbors and friends come to pay respect for their deceased companion. After the service Robert buries his father in the family plot on a peaceful corner of the farm. In conclusion, the theme of A Day No Pigs Would Die is that of hard farm life. A life that when things are bad one can not stop to grieve or vomit. Lives that most people choose not to live anymore. A life that some feel is dangerous and laborious. A life that may be hard, laborious, and even dangerous but, someone had live it.

Company Law partnership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Company Law partnership - Essay Example In certain circumstances partnerships must be dissolved under the Partnership Act 1890: once a partnership contract is performed - eg it was for a fixed term or for a specific purpose; the death or bankruptcy of a partner; a partner assigns his share to a creditor to satisfy a private debt; any event which makes it unlawful for the firm to continue its business or to have the status of a partnership (s34) (Macintyre, 2005, 464). Under s35 a partner may seek for dissolution on the basis of one of the following five grounds: permanent disability to perform the partnership contract; conduct prejudicial to the carrying on of the firm; wilful or persistent breach of the agreement which makes it untenable for the other partners to continue the agreement; the firm is making a loss and there is no chance of its finances being turned around; and/or that the Court considers it to be 'just and equitable' to dissolve the firm. Under the Mental Health Act 1983 the mental incapacity of a partner can also lead to the dissolution of a partnership. (s34) (Macintyre, 2005, 465). The partners retain the ability to bind the firm following a dissolution to the extent of completing unfinished transactions and all matters incidental to the winding up of the firm (s38 Partnership Act 1890). ... A bankrupt partner cannot bind a firm following dissolution. However, if a receiver is appointed by the Court at the request of one or more partners, then all partners lose their authority to bind the firm (Macintyre, 2005, 466). An organisation's assets consist of both property and goodwill. Goodwill can be defined as "the excess of the market value of a business over the value of its individual assets" (Macintyre, 2005, 466). Once the firm's goodwill is sold it is unlawful for any partner to use the firm's name or solicit its customers. "[H]e must not, I think, avail himself of his special knowledge of the old customers to regain, without consideration, that which he has parted with for value. He must not make his approaches from the vantage ground of his former position. He may not sell the custom and steal away the customers" per Lord MacNachten Trego v Hunt [1896] AC 7 (Macintyre, 2005, 466). If a firm is solvent and has made a profit after settling its debts, then these proceeds will be split between the partners according to the proportion agreed upon in their current contracts. However, if the firm is solvent but has made a loss then either the partnership agreement will determine how the loss should be resolved or s44 Partnership Act 1890 is used to determine how the loss should be resolved (Macintyre, 2005, 467). Losses are to be paid out of profit, or capital or by the individual partners in the proportion they would have shared the profits (s44(a)). Following its winding up the firm must pay its creditors in the order of; external creditors are to be paid in full; partners' loans are to be repaid;

Unit VI project domestic terrorism Research Paper

Unit VI project domestic terrorism - Research Paper Example For a period spanning to almost two decades, Theodore John Kaczynski waged a solitary terrorist war in United States of America. He is a former professor of mathematics in Harvard and Berkeley. According to reflections of his childhood as presented by his family, the Unabomber preferred solitude. Nonetheless, his IQ was regarded above genius, a condition that presumably led him to win a scholarship to study at Harvard when he was aged 16 years. His solitary preference became evident at age 26 when he relinquished his teaching duties at Berkeley University. He suddenly isolated himself from the society (McCann, 2006). Kaczynski rolled out his first attack three days immediately after his 36th birthday. He used letter bombs to target university professors in the field of computer science, engineering and biology. He also targeted the owners and managers of airlines. In a given case, Ted aimed at hitting a businessman who ran a small computer store. To scare away investigators, he used pieces of small of his bombs marked with the initials FC. FC is the initial for Freedom Club, which is the infamous terrorist group objecting all forms of scientific and technological advancements (McCann, 2006). Essentially, Kaczynski wanted to pass a message that he was opposed to technological advancements. According to the tip received from his brother, David, Ted’s Manifesto was entitles Industrial Society and its Future. It claimed strong attachment with anarchists and the environmentalists who objected the application of technology in the production processes. His specific targets were businessmen, scientists as well as innocent people. Several accounts of terrorist charges were leveled against him following his arrest in 1996 including 16 letter bombs that ended up killing three people and injuring 29 more. A massive manhunt was set-up in pursuit of the Unabomber. It is